How does compaction affect the infiltration rate of soil?

Compaction of soil results in a denser arrangement of soil particles, which reduces the pore spaces between them. This decreased porosity significantly hampers the soil's ability to absorb and transmit water, leading to a decrease in the infiltration rate. When soil is compacted, the pathways through which water can pass are narrowed, making it more difficult for water to penetrate the soil surface. The reduction in infiltration can cause excess water to accumulate at the surface instead of being absorbed, which can lead to runoff rather than improving groundwater recharge. This phenomenon is particularly important in agricultural settings, where soil health and water management are crucial for crop productivity. In contrast, other options would incorrectly suggest that compaction either increases infiltration or has no effect at all, which does not align with the understanding of soil dynamics related to compaction.